Quadratus of Athens
Saint Quadratus of Athens | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Martyrdom of Saint Quadratus depicted in the 11th-century Menologion of Basil II. | |
| Bishop of Athens, Apologist | |
| Born | Late 1st century Likely Asia Minor |
| Died | 129 CE Athens, Roman Greece |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Feast | 26 May (Roman Catholic Church), 21 September (Eastern Orthodox Church) |
| Patronage | Apologists |
Quadratus of Athens (Ancient Greek: Κοδρᾶτος; fl. 2nd century) was an early Christian apologist, traditionally regarded as a disciple of the Apostles and one of the Seventy Apostles. He is celebrated as one of the earliest Christian apologists, best known for presenting an apology to Emperor Hadrian during his visit to Athens around 124–125 CE. His work, which defended the Christian faith against its critics, highlighted the enduring impact of Jesus' miracles through firsthand testimony. Quadratus is also associated with the apostolic tradition and is recognized as the Bishop of Athens, succeeding Saint Publius. His feast day is observed on May 26 in the Roman Catholic Church and September 21 in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Life
[edit]Background
[edit]Quadratus was born near the end of the first century CE, likely in the region of Asia Minor.[1] According to Wallace, J. W. (2017), in Forensic Faith, the birth year is estimated to be around 60 CE.[2]
Quadratus was part of the second generation of Jesus’ followers. According to the early church historian Eusebius of Caesarea, Quadratus was a disciple of the Apostles (auditor apostolorum), as noted in Chronicon. In his early years, he traveled as an itinerant preacher, spreading the Gospel and journeying through regions such as Asia Minor. It was during these travels that he gathered firsthand accounts from individuals who had directly witnessed Jesus' acts of kindness and miracles. Later, after settling in Athens, Quadratus, much like other Athenian apologists such as Aristides and Athenagoras, did not hold a formal position within the Church hierarchy. Instead, he was an independent teacher, freely sharing his knowledge and faith.[3] Writing in 1754, Historian John A. Giles refers to Quadratus and Aristides as former philosophers.[4]
Apology
[edit]Eusebius records that Quadratus presented a discourse to Emperor Hadrian during the emperor's visit to Athens in 124 or 125 CE, his discourse was titled Apology. As detailed in Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History (Book IV, Chapter 3), the apology aimed to defend Christianity against its critics and was widely circulated among early Christian communities. Eusebius praised the work as a demonstration of Quadratus's intellectual rigor and his dedication to upholding apostolic teachings. The surviving fragment of the discourse shares Quadratus's reflections on the enduring impact of Jesus's miracles, asserting their authenticity and lasting significance. The excerpt reads:[5][6]
"But the works of our Saviour were always present, for they were genuine:—those that were healed, and those that were raised from the dead, who were seen not only when they were healed and when they were raised, but were also always present; and not merely while the Saviour was on earth, but also after his death, they were alive for quite a while, so that some of them lived even to our day."
Bishop of Athens
[edit]According to Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, Quadratus was appointed Bishop of Athens following the martyrdom of Saint Publius. The letter states that through Quadratus' zeal, the Athenian Christians were reunited, and their faith was revitalized.[7] He become the third Bishop of Athens sometime during the first half of the second century.[8][1] Although this claim is disputed as the third office Bishop was held around 180 CE, surpassing his approximate death year of 130 CE.[9][10]
Identity and attribution
[edit]The identity and attribution of work relating to Quadratus of Athens has been a subject of scholarly debate.
Attribution
[edit]In 1947, P. Andriessen proposed that Quadratus' Apology might be the work known as the Epistle to Diognetus,[11] a theory that Michael W. Holmes later described as "intriguing." Holmes noted that, although the Epistle to Diognetus does not contain the sole known quotation from Quadratus' address, there exists a gap between chapters 7.6 and 7.7 where it could potentially fit.[12] However, Edgar J. Goodspeed found this theory improbable, stating that the fragment does not align with the gap.[13]
Identity
[edit]Theologian Otto Bardenhewer, in Patrology (1908), proposed that Quadratus the Apologist might be the same person as Quadratus, a prophet mentioned by Eusebius in Historia Ecclesiastica (3.37). However, this identification has been questioned, with the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) dismissing the evidence as insufficient.[14] Efforts to associate Quadratus' Apology with the Letter to Diognetus, martyr accounts, or the Barlaam and Josaphat legend have similarly failed to yield convincing evidence.[15]
The identification of Quadratus the Apologist with Quadratus, the Bishop of Athens, remains uncertain due to chronological inconsistencies. While The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church suggests the possibility of this link, Jerome erroneously conflated the Apologist with the Bishop who served during Marcus Aurelius' reign (161–180). Eusebius' claim that Quadratus was a prophet and apostolic disciple is also considered improbable. [10]
Similarly, attempts to link Quadratus the Apologist with Quadratus, the Bishop of Athens, who served around 180 CE, face challenges due to chronological discrepancies. Nonetheless, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church argues that "there is perhaps no compelling reason to reject his identification with the Bishop of Athens."[10][15]
Beliefs
[edit]Quadratus' language suggests that Christ's time on earth was a temporary sojourn, indicating his divine pre-existence before incarnation. He emphasized the lasting testimony of individuals healed or raised from the dead by Jesus, framing these miracles as genuine and enduring evidence of Christ’s divine power. Quadratus applied the title "Soter" to Jesus, a term with divine connotations in both Jewish and Hellenistic traditions, suggesting Christ's superiority to pagan deities. Eusebius praised Quadratus' orthodoxy, aligning his Christological views with apostolic teachings, including the deity and miraculous works of Jesus.[16] Theologian Dr. John H. Roller contends that he aligns with Christian conditionalism.[1]
Death and legacy
[edit]Death
[edit]His preaching to pagans resulted in imprisonment where he died of starvation around the year 129 CE.[17][2][18][9]
Legacy
[edit]Quadratus' legacy lies in his role as one of the earliest Christian apologists, presenting a defense of the Christian faith during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. His Apology attests to the early efforts of Christians to engage with Roman authorities and intellectuals to justify their beliefs. He is noted for emphasizing apostolic tradition, a foundation that Eusebius regarded as proof of his orthodoxy. Eusebius described him as both intelligent and orthodox, likely seeing the alignment of Quadratus' teachings with those of the apostles as a measure of his credibility. This orthodoxy was seen as rooted in both his adherence to apostolic tradition and the strength of his arguments.[19]
Quadratus is recognized as one of the early saints of the Orthodox Christian Church and one of the Seventy Apostles. His feast day is celebrated annually on September 21st, and he is also commemorated on January 4th alongside the other Seventy Apostles.[20] According to Britannica, his feast day for Roman Catholic Church is May 26.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Roller, J. H. (2009). The doctrine of immortality in the early church. Afterlife. https://www.afterlife.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/john20roller20-20doctrine20of20immortality20in20the20early20church.pdf (p. 29).
- ^ a b Wallace, J. W. (2017). Forensic Faith: A Homicide Detective Makes the Case for a More Reasonable, Evidential Christian Faith. United States: David C Cook. https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Forensic_Faith/fGKHDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Quadratus+of+Athens%22+%22129%22&pg=PT81&printsec=frontcover
- ^ Ališauskas, V. (2019). Antikos žanrų transformacija: Kvadratas ir krikščioniškoji apologija [Transformation of ancient genres: Quadratus and Christian apologetics]. Literatūra, 61(3), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.15388/Litera.2019.3.4
- ^ Gillies, J. (1754). Historical collections relating to remarkable periods of the success of the Gospel, and eminent instruments employed in promoting it: In two volumes (Vol. 1, p. 3). R. and A. Foulis. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jtEsAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR12&dq=%22Quadratus+of+Athens%22&ots=lhgu-M3VUo&sig=7Tyubulm6Kn19QrlnBESv78UuTU#v=onepage&q=%22Quadratus%20of%20Athens%22&f=false (Original work published 1754, digitized September 15, 2008).
- ^ Early Christian Writings. (1891). The Apology of Aristides: Texts and studies (Vol. 1, pp. 1–34). https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/fathers/aristides_04_intro.html
- ^ Elmer, I. J. (2014). Robbing Paul to pay Peter: The Papias notice on Mark. In Paul and Mark: Comparative essays part one: Two authors at the beginnings of Christianity (pp. 671–698, p. 24). De Gruyter. https://staibabussalamsula.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SPIRITUAL-HEALING-staibabussalamsula.ac_.id_.pdf#page=32
- ^ Walker, Williston; Norris, Richard; Lotz, David; Handy, Robert (1985). The History of the Christian Church (4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 53. ISBN 9780684184173.
- ^ Bingham, J. (1878). Some further observations concerning the place, and manner, and time of burial (p. 1293). Reeves and Turner. https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Some_further_observations_concerning_the/7kU_AAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Quadratus+of+Athens+%22feast%22&pg=PA1293&printsec=frontcover%5D(https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Some_further_observations_concerning_the/7kU_AAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Quadratus+of+Athens+%22feast%22&pg=PA1293&p
- ^ a b Penn, W. (2020). William Penn: Political Writings. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press (p. 272). https://www.google.ca/books/edition/William_Penn_Political_Writings/dMsDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Quadratus+of+Athens%22+%22129%22&pg=PA272&printsec=frontcover
- ^ a b c Foster, P. (2007). The writings of the Apostolic Fathers (pp. 55–56). Bloomsbury Publishing. United Kingdom. https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Writings_of_the_Apostolic_Fathers/V_sRBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Quadratus+of+Athens&pg=PA55&printsec=frontcover
- ^ Andriessen, "The Authorship of the Epistula ad Diognetum", Vigiliae Christianae 1 (1947), pp. 129–36.
- ^ Michael W. Holmes, The Apostolic Fathers in English (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006), p. 290
- ^ Goodspeed, Edgar J. (1966). A History of Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 97. ISBN 0226303861.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b c Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Saint Quadratus. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Quadratus
- ^ Farrar, T. (2014, October 10). The Christology of Quadratus. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://blog.dianoigo.com/2014/10/the-christology-of-quadratus.html
- ^ Ortiz, A. R. (2023). Defending Your Faith: Facts and Reasons for the Christian Worldview. (n.p.): Christian Faith Publishing, Incorporated.https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Defending_Your_Faith/FL7mEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Defending+Your+Faith+Facts+and+Reasons+for+the+Christian+Worldview+%22Quadratus%22&pg=PT14&printsec=frontcover
- ^ Thompson, J. (n.d.). Witness to following Jesus in Athens, Greece. Witness: Theological Reflections on Christian Practice, 21–27, p. 2. Retrieved from https://journals.sfu.ca/witness/index.php/witness/article/download/21/27
- ^ Foster, P. (2007). The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers (pp. 61–62). Bloomsbury Publishing. United Kingdom.
- ^ Greek Boston. (n.d.). Orthodox saint biography of Saint Quadratus. https://www.greekboston.com/religion/st-quadratus/
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Quadratus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
[edit]- A Fragment of the writings of Quadratus of Athens
- Saint Quadratus in the Catholic Forum
- Saint Quadratus in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- "Saint Quadratus", New Catholic Dictionary
